Use N-dimensional Histogram functionality and Interpolation

• could be used for example to read and interpolate an lookup table or IRF.

• In this example, we load a sample energy reconstruction lookup-table from a FITS file

• In this case it is only in 2D cube (to keep the file size small): SIZE vs IMPACT-DISTANCE, however the same method will work for any dimensionality

import matplotlib.pylab as plt
import numpy as np
from astropy.io import fits
from scipy.interpolate import RegularGridInterpolator

from ctapipe.utils import Histogram
from ctapipe.utils.datasets import get_dataset_path

# %matplotlib inline

load an example datacube

(an energy table generated for a small subset of HESS simulations) to use as a lookup table. Here we will use the Histogram class, which automatically loads both the data cube and creates arrays for the coordinates of each axis.

testfile = get_dataset_path("hess_ct001_energylut.fits.gz")
energy_hdu = fits.open(testfile)["MEAN"]
energy_table = Histogram.from_fits(energy_hdu)
print(energy_table)

Downloading hess_ct001_energylut.fits.gz:   0%|          | 0.00/29.9k [00:00<?, ?B/s]
Downloading hess_ct001_energylut.fits.gz:  34%|███▍      | 10.2k/29.9k [00:00<00:00, 84.6kB/s]
Downloading hess_ct001_energylut.fits.gz: 100%|██████████| 29.9k/29.9k [00:00<00:00, 241kB/s]
Histogram(name='Histogram', axes=['LSIZ' 'DIST'], nbins=[100 100], ranges=[[5.e-01 6.e+00]
 [0.e+00 2.e+03]])

construct an interpolator that we can use to get values at any point:

Here we will use a RegularGridInterpolator, since it is the most appropriate for this type of data, but others are available (see the SciPy documentation)

centers = [energy_table.bin_centers(ii) for ii in range(energy_table.ndims)]
energy_lookup = RegularGridInterpolator(
    centers, energy_table.hist, bounds_error=False, fill_value=-100
)

energy_lookup is now just a continuous function of log(SIZE), DISTANCE in m.

Now plot some curves from the interpolator.

Note that the LUT we used is does not have very high statistics, so the interpolation starts to be affected by noise at the high end. In a real case, we would want to use a table that has been sanitized (smoothed and extrapolated)

lsize = np.linspace(1.5, 5.0, 100)
dists = np.linspace(50, 100, 5)

plt.figure()
plt.title("Variation of energy with size and impact distance")
plt.xlabel("SIZE (P.E.)")
plt.ylabel("ENERGY (TeV)")

for dist in dists:
    plt.plot(
        10**lsize,
        10 ** energy_lookup((lsize, dist)),
        "+-",
        label="DIST={:.1f} m".format(dist),
    )

plt.legend(loc="best")

<matplotlib.legend.Legend object at 0x73f04f84c560>

Using the interpolator, reinterpolate the lookup table onto an \(N \times N\) grid (regardless of its original dimensions):

N = 300
xmin, xmax = energy_table.bin_centers(0)[0], energy_table.bin_centers(0)[-1]
ymin, ymax = energy_table.bin_centers(1)[0], energy_table.bin_centers(1)[-1]
xx, yy = np.linspace(xmin, xmax, N), np.linspace(ymin, ymax, N)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(xx, yy)
points = list(zip(X.ravel(), Y.ravel()))
E = energy_lookup(points).reshape((N, N))

Now, let’s plot the original table and the new one (E). The color bar shows \(\log_{10}(E)\) in TeV

fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 5), layout="constrained")
axs = axs.ravel()

# the uninterpolated table
im = axs[0].pcolormesh(
    energy_table.bin_centers(0),
    energy_table.bin_centers(1),
    energy_table.hist.T,
    cmap="inferno",
)
axs[0].set_title(f"Raw table, uninterpolated {energy_table.hist.T.shape}")
cb = fig.colorbar(im, ax=axs[0])
cb.set_label(r"$\log_{10}(E/\mathrm{TeV})$")

# the interpolated table
im = axs[1].pcolormesh(
    np.linspace(xmin, xmax, N),
    np.linspace(ymin, ymax, N),
    E,
    cmap="inferno",
)
axs[1].set_title(f"Interpolated to a ({N}, {N}) grid")
cb = fig.colorbar(im, ax=axs[1])
cb.set_label(r"$\log_{10}(E/\mathrm{TeV})$")

for ax in axs:
    ax.set(
        xlim=[1.5, 5],
        ylim=[0, 500],
        xlabel=r"$\log_{10}(\mathrm{SIZE})$",
        ylabel="Impact Dist / m",
    )

plt.show()

In the high-stats central region, we get a nice smooth interpolation function. Of course we can see that there are a few more steps to take before using this table: * - need to deal with cases where the table had low stats near the edges (smooth or extrapolate, or set bounds) - may need to smooth the table even where there are sufficient stats, to avoid wiggles